The Role of Gender in Social Network Organization

The digital traces we leave behind when engaging with the modern world offer an interesting lens through which we study behavioral patterns as expression of gender. Although gender differentiation has been observed in a number of settings, the majority of studies focus on a single data stream in isolation. Here we use a dataset of high resolution data collected using mobile phones, as well as detailed questionnaires, to study gender differences in a large cohort. We consider mobility behavior and individual personality traits among a group of more than $800$ university students. We also investigate interactions among them expressed via person-to-person contacts, interactions on online social networks, and telecommunication. Thus, we are able to study the differences between male and female behavior captured through a multitude of channels for a single cohort. We find that while the two genders are similar in a number of aspects, there are robust deviations that include multiple facets of social interactions, suggesting the existence of inherent behavioral differences. Finally, we quantify how aspects of an individual's characteristics and social behavior reveals their gender by posing it as a classification problem. We ask: How well can we distinguish between male and female study participants based on behavior alone? Which behavioral features are most predictive

Modeling of vocal fold oscillation

139 σ.Στην εποχή μας, η μοντελοποίηση φυσιολογικών συστημάτων του ανθρώπινου οργανισμού σε υπολογιστικά περιβάλλοντα στον Η-Υ είναι πολύ διαδεδομένη και εξελίσσεται ραγδαία, καθώς η ισχύς και η απόδοση των υπολογιστών αυξάνεται, οδηγώντας σε αποτελεσματικότερη και ρεαλιστική απεικόνιση, με σκοπό τόσο τη μελέτη της λειτουργίας του ανθρώπινου σώματος, όσο και τη πρόληψη και αντιμετώπιση της παθολογίας. Στην εργασία αυτή, εξετάζεται το σύστημα φώνησης του ανθρώπου και πιο συγκεκριμένα τις φωνητικές χορδές. Αφού παρουσιαστεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο παράγεται η φωνή και κατανοηθούν οι φυσικοί κανόνες που διέπουν την ταλάντωση των φωνητικών χορδών κατά τη φώνηση, πραγματοποιείται μία αναδρομή στα μοντέλα που έχουν αναπτυχθεί στο παρελθόν. Στη συνέχεια, σχεδιάζεται μία προσομοίωση των φωνητικών χορδών στο Matlab, βασισμένη στα απλά μοντέλα των συγκεντρωμένων στοιχείων (μαζών) χαμηλών διαστάσεων, που όμως εξελίσσουμε ώστε να περιλαμβάνει τη μελέτη της κίνησης των μυών του λάρυγγα. Τέλος, προκειμένου να εξακριβωθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα του μοντέλου, εξάγονται οι χαρακτηριστικές κυματομορφές της ροής του αέρα και της ταλάντωσης και συγκρίνονται με τις αντίστοιχες τιμές του εργαστηρίου.Nowadays, computational modeling of physiological systems of the human body is very widespread and rapidly evolving, as the power and the attribution of computers increases, leading to more efficient and realistic representation, with the intention to study the function of human body and to prevent and treat any pathologies. In this thesis, the phonation human system and more specifically the vocal folds are examined. After seeing the way that voice is produced and comprehending the physical rules of the vibration of vocal folds during phonation, a review of the models developed in the past is demonstrated. Then, a simulation of vocal folds is constructed, based on the simple lumped-element (mass) models of low dimensions, and evolved to include the consideration of the laryngeal muscle activation. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the model, characteristic waveforms of the airflow and oscillation are extracted and compared with the corresponding values taken from the laboratory.Ιωάννα Ν. Ψύλλ

Homophilous connection patterns in the three interaction networks.

<p>Bars represent the <i>z</i>-scores of connection motifs (containing two or three individuals) obtained from the comparison with the permutation model. Grey color corresponds to dyadic connections, color bars denote triangles: male only (blue), female only (orange) and mixed (brown). Women in the study are more likely to form same-gender triangles in all types of interaction networks.</p

Definition of the personality traits considered in this paper for the male and female freshmen students.

<p>Traits marked with an asterisk (*) are part of the Big Five Inventory. References provide further reading on the various personality traits.</p

Fraction of active dyads in the different networks.

<p>Curves show the ratio between existing and potential links between participants in each network. All students attend classes at the same campus and eat at the same cafeterias, so their proximity network is very dense (with 40% of dyads active). Only about 2-3% of them actually connect as friends on Facebook, and less 1% communicate using calls, text messages, or Facebook interactions. Each network is unweighted and aggregated over a month—a link exists between two nodes if they had any interactions in a given channel during that month.</p

Feature importance obtained by random forest.

<p>Color shows the corresponding feature types: BFI (red), personality traits (green), mobility (yellow) and network (purple). The most important features are those who help separate men from women most: women, on average, reveal higher degree of homophily, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, while men tend to score higher in tests on narcissism, and self-esteem.</p

Signed effect sizes of personality traits measured between men and women.

<p>As indicated in previous studies on college population, women tend to feel more stress than men [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref027" target="_blank">27</a>] and have a more external locus of control in items related to academic achievement [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>]. Men prove to be more narcissistic [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>] and to have a higher feeling of self-worth [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>]. Despite these results, and in contrast with previous literature, women in our study tend to report a higher satisfaction with life. Negative values indicate that women achieve higher scores. Histograms show the distribution of effect sizes defined by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.e001" target="_blank">Eq (1)</a>, horizontal bars denote 5 and 95% percentiles.</p

Feature importance obtained by random forest.

<p>Color shows the corresponding feature types: BFI (red), personality traits (green), mobility (yellow) and network (purple). The most important features are those who help separate men from women most: women, on average, reveal higher degree of homophily, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, while men tend to score higher in tests on narcissism, and self-esteem.</p

Signed effect sizes of the BFI measured between men and women.

<p>We find female participants to be more neurotic and agreeable, in line with previous research [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]. Women in our study tend to be also more conscientious, and we identify no significant differences in scores for extraversion and openness. Negative values indicate that women achieve higher scores. Histograms show the distribution of effect sizes defined by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.e001" target="_blank">Eq (1)</a>, horizontal bars denote 5 and 95% percentiles.</p

Effect sizes of the mobility indicators.

<p>We show that women are characterized by higher uncertainty in their travel patterns and visit more unique places. This deviation has not been observed in recent literature. Negative values indicate that women score higher than men. Histograms show the distribution of effect sizes defined by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189873#pone.0189873.e001" target="_blank">Eq (1)</a>, horizontal bars denote 5 and 95% percentiles.</p